WONDERFUL INFORMATION
Compiler: C.K.Mohamed/Tellicherry
I.Q. for Intelligence Quotient, test.
I.Q., for Intelligence Quotient, test.
Binet and his assistance, Theodor Simon, tried out many different tasks to discover which of them could be achieved by a child of a certain age. If a high percentage of children of that age were able to do one particular task, it would be added to the intelligence test for that age group. The original series of tasks was set in 1905. The tasks were revised in 1908 and 1911. The later Binet-Simon scale of tests consisted of 55 items, 5 for each age - 3 years, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, and adult. The tests were translated from French into other languages.
In 1916, Lesis M. Terman of Stanford University in the United states published a revised scale of intelligence tests which covered the whole age range between 3 years old and adults. This Standford-Binet scale, revised again in 1937, has been widely used.
Binet discovered that the degree to which a child was retarded seemed to increase as he grew older. A child who was one year backward at the age of 5, would be perhaps two years backward at the age of 10.
The formula for assessing an I.Q. is :
I.Q.= Mental age x 100 ÷ Physical age
Thus a child of 8 with a mental age of 10 has an I.Q. of 10 x 100 ÷ 8 = 125.
An I.Q. of 100 is just normal. An I.Q. for 130 to 150 means that the person is very clever, and I.Q. of below 70 indicates that the person is very backward or mentally defective.
Man differs from all other animals in that he habitually uses tools. A tool is something that man has made to things for him, which he cannot do naturally for himself. These tools are not things that exist in nature, but things which man has improved for his own use. Thus an invention is conceiving and making something that does not exist in nature.
There is a big difference between an invention and a discovery. A discovery is finding something that exists in nature. An invention is applying that discovery to a purpose useful to man. Any improvement on an invention is also an invention in itself. It was, for example, discovered that clay hardens in a fire. The invention of pottery then followed.
- The invention of the first fire-making tools occurred about 200,000 years ago.
- The invention of the wheel took place about 4000 B.C.
- Writing as we know it today was invented about 1500 B.C., though men had used pictures to communicate much earlier.
- Paper was invented in about 100 B.C.
- Printing was invented in the west Johannes Guttenburg around 1440.
- Gunpowder had been discovered in ancient times by the Chines, but in the 1400s firearms were invented. This invention changed the whole nature of warfare.
- Hans Lippershey, a Dutch inventor, devised the telescope in 1608. This invention has led to many great discoveries, and eventually to man's journey to the Moon. The most important of these was the discovery that the Earth was not at the centre of the universe.
- Adding machine was invented in 1642, and the Water closet was invented at bout the same time.
- The steam engine was invented in 1712
- The submarine, which is often thought of as an invention of the 1900s, was in fact invented in 1775.
- The arc lamp was invented in 1840
- The internal combustion engine in 1860
- The dynamo in 1869
- The telephone in 1876
- The gramophone in 1877
- Radio which was invented between 1895 and 1902.
- Television invented in 1923
- One of the most important of modern inventions was the aeroplane, and this came in 1903. The aeroplane could not have been invented without the previous invention of the internal combustion engine.
- The modern typewriter is the result of many years of experiment and development. The first typewriter was invented in 1867 in America.
- Iodine was discovered by Bernard Courtois in 1811. It is one of a group of elements, including fluorine, chlorine, and bromine, which are known as the halogens - a terms meaning 'sea-salt producing'.
....will be updated fequently...
lbn-Batuta (Mohammed ibn Ab- dulla) (1304-1377?)
Moroccan sheik, and one of the most adventurous travelers of early times. lbn-Batuta's journal provides a detailed and fascinating account of the Arab world of the 1300's, and his description of the pilgrimage to Mecca was instrumental in inspiring Europeans to try to see the holy cities for themselves. lbn-Batuta left his home in Tangier in 1325, and visited Alexandria, Cairo, and Damascus before making the pilgrimage. After leaving Mecca, he traveled extensively in Arabia, the Middle East, and East Africa, and then journeyed on to central Asia, India, and China. It was 1349 before he returned to Tangier, but that same year he set out on another journey which lasted until 1353. On this trip, he crossed the Sahara, traveling as far south as Silla on the Niger. International Geophysical Year
(IGY)
International Geophysical Year
(IGY) Scheduled to last from July,
1957. to December, 1958, the IGY was
planned as a period of worldwide
scientific cooperation in the study of
the earth, the atmosphere, and the sun.
All developed nations agreed to
contribute whatever they could to the
advancement of man's knowledge of
his planet, and the year was important
politically, since scientific research was
one of the few fields where all countries
could work peacefully together. Many
important studies were made in seismology, oceanography, meteorology,
and other fields, and during this period
the first artificial earth satellites were
launched. These satellites carried out a
number of scientific experiments, one of
which—on board the United States
Explorer I—discovered the Van Alien
Radiation Belt.
